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第1章　语言和语言学习

Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.

1. According to the _____ theory represented by Vygotsky, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners.（山东师范大学2018研）

【答案】socio-constructivist

【解析】本题考查的是社会建构主义理论的观点。以维果茨基为代表的社会建构主义理论认为学习的最佳途径是师生之间以及学生之间的活跃互动。

2. The functional view not only sees language as a _____ system but also a means for doing things.（安徽师范大学2015研）

【答案】linguistic

【解析】本题考查的是功能主义语言理论。该种语言理论不仅将语言视作语言系统，还将它看作一种方法。

3. There are at least three theoretical views of language and the nature of language proficiency. The first is ______, the second is ______ and the third is ______.（天津师范大学2012研）

【答案】structural view，functional view，interactional view

【解析】本题考查的是语言理论。语言理论有三种，分别是结构主义语言理论、功能主义结构理论和交互式语言理论。

4. The constructivist theory believes that _____ is a process in which learners construct meaning based on their own experiences and what they already know.（山东师范大学2017研）

【答案】learning

【解析】本题考查的是建构主义学习理论的观点。建构主义认为：学习是学习者依据已有经验和已有知识建构意义的过程。

5. _____ theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive, and the atmosphere.

【答案】Condition-oriented

【解析】以（学习）条件为导向的理论注重人的本质和语言学习的物理环境，如学生的人数，学习者接收的语言输入类型，以及学习气氛。

6. The _____ theory of language learning was initiated by behavioural psychologist Skinner.

【答案】behaviourist

【解析】语言学习的行为主义理论是由行为主义心理学家斯金纳提出的。

7. Skinner suggested that language is also a form of _____.

【答案】behaviour

【解析】斯金纳认为，语言也是一种行为。

8. The term _____ is often used loosely to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat.

【答案】cognitivism

【解析】认知主义常用于描述那些需要学生思考而不只是重复的教学方法。

9. According to Chomsky, language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate _____ system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system.

【答案】rule-based

【解析】乔姆斯基认为，语言并不是一种行为，而是一套精密的以规则为基础的系统，语言习得主要是学习这一系统。

10. The _____ theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/ her own experiences and what he/ she already knows.

【答案】constructivist

【解析】建构主义认为，语言学习是学习者基于自己的知识和经验建构意义的过程。

11. _____ theory emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context.

【答案】Socio-constructivist

【解析】社会建构主义理论注重学习者在社会环境中使用目的语进行互动（的能力）。

12. The most important and most difficult part of the making of a good language teacher is the development of _____.

【答案】professional competence

【解析】成为一位优秀的语言教师最重要也是最难的是职业能力的发展。

13. Wallace uses a _____ to demonstrate the development of professional competence.

【答案】‘reflective model’

【解析】华莱士采用一个“反思模型”来解释（教师）职业技能的发展。

14. In language teaching, methodology is the study of the practices and procedures used in teaching, and the _____ and _____ that underlie them.

【答案】principles，beliefs

【解析】语言教学的方法论是指对语言教学实践和步骤，及其背后的原则和观念的研究。

15. The functional view not only sees language as a _____ system but also a _____ for doing things.

【答案】linguistic，means/ tool

【解析】功能主义语言观认为语言不仅仅是一套语言系统，还是一套做事的工具。

16. The way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent influenced by the way they _____ languages.

【答案】learned

【解析】语言教师学习语言的方式从某种程度上影响他们的课堂教学方式。

17. Different views on language generate different _____.

【答案】teaching methodologies

【解析】对语言的不同观点会产生不同的教学方法。

18. In the past century, language teaching and learning practice has been influenced by three different views of language: the _____ view, the _____ view and the _____ view.

【答案】structural，functional，interactional

【解析】上世纪的语言教学和语言学习受三种语言观的影响：结构主义，功能主义，交互主义。