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笔记试看

第1章　早期和中世纪的英国文学

1.1　复习笔记

早期英国文学

Early English Literature

Ⅰ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England（背景知识——英国的形成）

1．The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年）

A. Brief Introduction（简介）

Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts.

In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.

罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。

公元前55年，该岛被罗马的朱利尤斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar）侵略。直到公元78年，不列颠才完全臣服于罗马帝国，但是在5世纪初，罗马帝国开始没落。公元410年，所有的罗马军队撤离该岛。

B. Influence（影响）

①The Roman mode of life was brought into Britain while the native Britons were treated as slaves.

②The Romans brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely. (This is a profound religious effect up to today).

③Roman road was built for military purposes.

④Along the Roman roads, many towns grew up, London was one of them, and it became an important trading center.

①罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国，而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。

②罗马人带来了基督教，基督教得以广泛传播。

③出于军事目的，罗马人修建罗马大路。

④沿着罗马大路，许多城镇得以发展，伦敦就是其中之一，并在那时成为重要的商业城市。

2．The English Conquest（盎格鲁-撒克逊征服）

A. Brief Introduction（简介）

While the Romans retreated, the Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Before the conquest, they still lived in the tribal society.

By the 7th century, a untied kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles was established.

当罗马人撤离不列颠的同时，大群海盗入侵岛内。他们是来自北欧的三支部落：盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特。征服之前，他们仍旧过着部落生活。

到7世纪，一个统一的王国—英国成立了，也被称作盎格鲁人之国。

B. Influence（影响）

①The three tribes had developed into a whole people called English. And the three dialects had grown into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.

②The Britons experienced a transition from tribal society to feudalism because of the English Conquest.

③The Anglo-Saxons were heathen people, believing in old mythology of Northern Europe. Later, The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century.

①这三支部落发展成一个统一的民族称为英国人。三种方言逐渐成为一种单一的语言，称为盎格鲁-撒克逊语言，即古英语。

②不列颠人经历了从原始部落社会向封建社会过渡的时期。

③盎格鲁-撒克逊人是无神论民族，相信古老的北欧神话，但后来在7世纪被基督教化了。

Ⅱ. Literary Features of Early English Literature（早期英国文学的特征）

The settlement of Anglo-Saxons in England marked the beginning of English literature. The early English literature mainly consisted of the Anglo-Saxon poetry, which was sung by the minstrels to the chiefs and warriors in praising of the old heroes’ deeds in the feasting hall. The Old English regularly used alliterations and rhymes, at the same time, metaphors and understatements were also put into the poetry. Beowulf is the most widely spread early poem.

英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人在英国定居时期。古英国文学中所保留的作品多为诗歌或者盎格鲁-撒克逊游吟诗人所唱的歌曲，这些游吟诗人在宴会大厅里为那些首领和勇士歌唱古时的英雄事迹。古英语中有规律地运用了头韵和韵律，同时也用到了比喻和轻描淡写手法。流传最广的早期英语诗歌是《贝奥武甫》。

Ⅲ.Literary Terms（文学术语）

1．Anglo-Saxon poetry（盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌）

Poems or, songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting hall. The typical work of Anglo-Saxon is Beowulf.

是由盎格鲁-撒克逊游吟诗人吟唱的古代英雄事迹的诗歌或者歌曲。这些诗歌或者歌曲主要是在宴会厅唱给首领或者武士们。代表诗作是《贝奥武甫》。

2．Alliteration（头韵）

It means the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration. There is an obvious use of alliteration in Beowulf.

就是诗歌里开头辅音字母的重复。一行诗歌里一般有4个音节，三个音节能够显示出头韵的效果。在《贝奥武甫》里对头韵有明显的运用。

Ⅳ. Major Writers and Works（英国早期主要作家及作品）

◆Beowulf《贝奥武甫》

English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement. Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon poetry and the national epic of the English people.

英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人的定居。《贝奥武甫》是一首盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌，同时也是一首英国人民的国家史诗。

1．The Story of Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》主要情节）

Beowulf tells a story of Beowulf fighting against monsters Grendel and his mother, winning the battle and protecting his people.

该书讲述了贝奥武甫这位英勇的武士与怪物格兰戴和他母亲斗争取得胜利并保护了他的人民的故事。

2．Analysis of Its Content（《贝奥武甫》内容评析）

Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. Its main stories are folk legends of primitive Northern tribes.

Beowulf is a brave hero whose spirit and deeds reflect the life of tribal society on the continent. The historical significance of Beowulf lies in reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times.

《贝奥武甫》是一部民间传说，由盎格鲁-撒克逊人从他们本土带到英格兰。它的主要故事情节来源于原始北欧部落的民间传说。

贝奥武甫是一个英雄，他的精神和行为都反映了当时的部落生活。它的历史意义在于反映了古代部落社会的特征。

3．Artistic Features of Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》的文学特征）

a. The most striking feature is the use of alliteration.